FOUR ALKENE Contains ONE OR MORE CARBON-CARBON double bond.ĭouble bond forms when adjacent carbon atoms SHARE TWO PAIRS OF VALENCE ELECTRONs. Carbon atom ALWAYS FORMS _ covalent bonds. Hexane (chain better than branched) ALKENES Hydrocarbons that contain DOUBLE bonds ALKYNES Hydrocarbons that contain TRIPLE bonds ALKENES AND ALKYNES UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (because do NOT contain the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms because they are not exclusively only single bonds.) ALKANE "SATURATED": single bonds only IF YOU SEE _ ending, it has _ bond(s). Hexane or 2-methylpentane Heptane (longer chain)Ĭyclopropane (cycle with SAME amount of C as alkane has higher) Heptane combustion C7H16 + 11 O2 -> 7CO2 + 8H2O + ENERGY OCTANE COMBUSTION WHICH HAS HIGHER BOILING POINT: HEPTANE: solvent for rubber cementįLOATS on water. Bacteria that ingest oil are used to break oil down into less harmful products. Substance that attracts oil used to pick up the oil then scraped off into tanks. Less dense than water (0.62 g/mL to 1.0 g/mL) 3 ways Oil Spills can be cleaned up -Boom put around it to contain it then skimmers come scoop up the oil and put it in tanks. SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS (other alkanes) INSOLUBLE in WATER (water does NOT mix with OIL) boiling points of alkanes boiling points of cycloalkanes COMBUSTION OF ALKANEĪLKANES burn readily in OXYGEN to produce: Carbon dioxide, WATER, and ENERGY.Īlkane (g) + O2 ->CO2(g) + H2O (g) + energy Combustion of METHANE (natural gas) CH4(g) + 2O2-> CO2 (g) + 2H2O + energy Propane combustion Glucose combustion ETHANE COMBUSTION 2 C2H6 + 7O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY ALKANE PROPERTIES: CYCLOALKANES VS ALKANES AND BOILING POINT Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than straight chains alkanes of THE SAME NUMBER of CARBONS because of their rigid structure allows them to be stacked close together. ) The more branches the lower the melting point. STRAIGHT ALKANES and BOILING POINTS/MELTING POINTS Straight/linear chains have more surface area, so more points of contact between the surface of the molecules, so MORE ATTRACTIONS, therefore HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS.īranched alkanes have a SMALL area of contact/more compact so fewer attractions/points of contact, therefore LOWER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS (takes less heat/energy to break them apart since they don't have as much surface area. (THE MORE Carbons and the longer the Carbon chain, the higher the boiling and melting points.)īOILING POINTS OF BRANCHED ALKANES ARE GENERALLY LOWER than the straight-chain ISOMERS. SO.ALKANES with HIGHER MASSES have HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING points. As number of CARBON atoms INCREASE, the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS INCREASE which increases the ATTRACTION. ATTRACTION OF BONDS is due to weak dispersion force Contain ONLY NONPOLAR bonds of C-C and C-H MELTING AND BOILING POINTS Alkanes have the LOWEST MELTING and BOILING points of all organic compounds. (LIQUID ALKANES ARE HIGHLY VOLATILE so useful in fuels) (Pentane, hexane, heptane and octane)įound in KEROSENE, diesel, jet fuels, and motor oil, and mineral oil.ġ8+ CARBONS (PARAFFINS): WAXY SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP. ROOM TEMPERATURE property FIRST FOUR (methane, ethane, propane, butane) are GASES at ROOM TEMP.ĥ-8 Carbon ALKANES: LIQUIDS AT ROOM TEMP. ALKYL HALIDES SIMPLE HALOALKANESĬarbon group named as ALKYL GROUP followed by the halide name. 2,3-dimethylbutane HALOALKANES HALOGEN ATOMS REPLACE HYDROGEN ATOMES IN AN ALKANE. **If there are TWO OR MORE substituents=>RING numbered by assigning c1 to substituent that comes FIRST ALPHABETICALLY, then count in direction that gives LOWER NUMBER to the next one.Įx: 1-Chloro-3-methylcyclohexane. NAMING CYCLOALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS **If there is ONE substituent=>substituent name PLUS cycloalkane name METHYL (names at the beginning) INDICATE THE substituents attached to the longest carbon chain.ĭi: indicates there are TWO IDENTICAL GROUPS (of methyl)Ģ,3- INDICATES WHERE THE SUBSTITUENTS are ATTACHED to the carbon chain.ĪNE: shows there is only SINGLE bonds. EXAMPLE OF ALKANE WITH SUBSTITUENTS NAME 2,3-dimethylbutaneīUTANE=Alkane name giving number of atoms in the longest carbon chain. Give the location and name for each substituent (ALPHABETICAL ORDER) as a PREFIX to the name of the main chain. Number the carbon atoms starting from the end nearer a substituentģ. Write the ALKANE NAME for the LONGEST CHAIN of C atoms.Ģ. Sec-butyl tert-butyl NAMING ALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS 1.
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